• Niacinamide (10%): This high concentration significantly helps brighten skin, reduce pigmentation caused by acne or sun exposure, and improve the appearance of pores. It also strengthens the skin barrier and boosts ceramide production.

• Tranexamic Acid (TXA 4%): Works with niacinamide to enhance its brightening effect. Tranexamic acid is effective in inhibiting the production of melanin (the pigment responsible for skin color), helping to fade dark spots and prevent their appearance.

• Arbutin 2%: Another ingredient that works to lighten the skin by inhibiting tyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for melanin production.

• Ceramides and hyaluronic acid: These ingredients help deeply hydrate the skin and strengthen its protective barrier, making the serum gentle and suitable even for sensitive skin.